| |
 |
|
Milling is the oldest agricultural
industry sector in food producing which is the only completely
automatic system. It is possible to say that human being
has shown the technological phase in milling technology.
The oldest grinding means are grinding stone and saddle
stone. Nowadays large mortar is used to grind wheat and
pounded wheat. Stone hand mills had followed this. Then
Pompeii mills had used. As the famous geographies Strabon
indicates the first water mill known before the Rome and
Greeks had built in Kaberia ( Niksar- Tokat area) in the
north of Anatolia, by the Mithridates ( Pontus) Kingdom.
This city had captured by the Rome's B.C. 63.The first
technical information about the mills had published by
the military engineer from Rome ( Fabri) Vitruvius ( B.C
1 century) in the De Architectura book part 10.Romes are
the most famous ones who spreads the mills in all over
the world.So,their country had called as ' Wheat empire'.
So, the hydraulic energy which the water has had started
to be applied in flour milling. Islamic Civilization had
developed on the Rome's land.
THE ISLAMIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OR GREEN REVOLUTION
In Islamic agricultural world the techniques were very
much so this means that the Islamic Agricultural Revolution
or Green Revolution has become very important in these
areas. So, wheat production had increased because of the
development in these techniques. In the Europe in Middle
Age wheat production has left its place to rhye production.
Until Renaissance only rhye bread had consumed. The first
book written in Islamic world on agriculture is the popular
book of Ibn-I Vahsiyye Kitab'ul felah'ün Nebtiyye ( farm
of the nebt civilization) and in this book there are information
on wheat. PRODUCTION OF BURRSTONES
AND HAND MILLS
The stones to make the wheat as flour are produced in
upper Mesopotamia ( Amid-Diyarbakir strong basalt stones)
and in North Africa and Iran Khollar region. The oldest
flourmills were
used by hand. These were generally used in village houses.
A s it is said our Prophet Mohammed ( S.A.V.) had used
these kinds of mills.
Animals had also used to grind the wheat. Especially,
donkeys and mules. Archeological monuments had been
founded in Harran regarding with these. Flour and semolina
production was very developed in Islamic world.
|
|
MILLING
IN OTTOMAN EMPIRE
The technology used in Ottoman time was the same as
the one used in Islamic world. All of the capacities
and the numbers of the mill had been registered in Ottoman
Empire. There aren't any registers about milling in
Ottoman time but it is accepted that there had been
a mill in Istanbul Beykoz.It is understood from the
flour types that the milling stones could grind very
thin.
The district in Istanbul Kadiköy Yeldegirmeni gets its
name from the mills that were established there in ancient
times. The checking of the mills had done by the Muhtesies
as it is in the Middle age Islamic States. It was a
religious duty too. Ottomans were very careful in checking
these mills because bread was very important in Ottoman
time.The big esteemed Seich Veli Seyyid Taha El-Hakkari
had establish a mill by himself in Semdinli Nehri district.
CONCLUSION
The first example of using the water and wind as energy
in the technological field is in grinding the wheat
and flour milling. Mills are the first examples of
using the energy power instead of manpower. In Middle
age the power of the water and wind is controlled
with the mechanic systems and the first industrial
revolution had realized. The leaders of this revolution
are millers. The technological developments in Middle
age Islamic world had motivated the milling industry
and there had been an industrial revolution in connection
with the milling after the Crusades in 12-13 century
in Europe.
|
